Agriculture has always been a key sector in India, with over 42.3% of the workforce relying on it for livelihood (Economic Survey 2023-24). Over the decades, several agricultural revolutions have transformed the landscape of Indian farming, introducing innovations that significantly boosted productivity and contributed to the country’s self-sufficiency in various agricultural commodities. These revolutions are crucial for the aspirants. Economic Survey says that the Indian agriculture sector provides livelihood support to about 42.3 per cent of the population and has a share of 18.2 per cent in the country’s GDP at current prices.
Agricultural Revolutions in India
Agricultural revolutions in India refer to significant shifts in farming practices, often driven by technological innovations. These revolutions have played a critical role in improving production, increasing exports, and ensuring food security in the country. Below is a table outlining some of the key agricultural revolutions, along with their primary focus and the individuals associated with them:
| Revolution | Product |
| Green Revolution | Food Grains (Rice & Wheat) |
| Round Revolution | Potato Production |
| Grey Revolution | Coffee, cocoa Production |
| Pink Revolution | Prawn Production |
| White Revolution | Milk Production |
| Blue Revolution | Fish Production |
| Red Revolution | Tomato & Meat Production |
| Yellow Revolution | Oilseed Production |
| Brown Revolution | Fertilizers Production |
| Golden Fiber Revolution | Jute Production |
| Silver Revolution | Eggs Production |
| Golden Revolution | Fruits Production |
| Black Revolution | Petroleum Production |
Highlights of Key Agricultural Revolutions
Green Revolution: The Green Revolution was initiated in the 1960s to enhance the production of food grains, particularly wheat and rice through the use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, mechanization, and modern irrigation techniques. It had a tremendous impact especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, turning India from a food-deficit country to a self-sufficient one.
White Revolution (Operation Flood): Led by Dr. Verghese Kurien, the White Revolution revolutionized milk production in India. White Revolution made the country the largest producer of milk globally. It helped improve rural livelihoods by eliminating middlemen and establishing milk cooperatives which benefited farmers across the nation.
Blue Revolution: The Blue Revolution launched in the mid-1970s and it’s aimed to boost fish production and improve the income of fishers. It promoted aquaculture and helped India become the second-largest fish producer in the world.
Yellow Revolution: The Yellow Revolution focused on increasing the production of oilseeds particularly mustard and sunflower. The Yellow Revolution saw the introduction of hybrid seeds, doubling oilseed production between 1986 and 1990. Despite this, India still imports a significant portion of its edible oil.
Pink Revolution: The Pink Revolution refers to the Prawn Production.
Red Revolution: The Red Revolution refers to the technological advancements in the meat sector. It improved cold storage infrastructure, meat testing facilities, and the overall quality of meat production in India, boosting exports.
Round Revolution: This revolution aimed to triple potato production in India which benefiting states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
Protein Revolution: Coined by Prime Minister Narendra Modi the Protein Revolution focuses on increasing the production of pulses and legumes to combat malnutrition and improve protein intake in India. It emphasizes technology-driven solutions and sustainable practices.
Black Revolution: The Black Revolution refers to the government’s efforts to boost petroleum production by blending ethanol with petrol, thereby reducing the country’s dependence on imported oil. It also promotes the use of biofuels for a sustainable future.
India’s agricultural revolutions have been instrumental in transforming the country from a food importer to a major exporter. These milestones not only highlight India’s capacity to innovate and adapt but also underline the importance of sustainable practices to meet future challenges. Understanding these revolutions is crucial for aspirants preparing for competitive exams, as they reflect the dynamic and evolving nature of Indian agriculture.
