Santhara Controversy: Death Of 3-Year-Old Viyana Jain In Madhya Pradesh (March 2025)

A major controversy has erupted in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, following the tragic death of a 3-year-old girl, Viyana Jain, shortly after undertaking the Santhara ritual — a centuries-old Jain practice of fasting unto death. The incident, which has raised legal, ethical, and child protection concerns, has triggered widespread debate across religious, legal, medical, and child rights circles.

What is Santhara?

Santhara, also known as Sallekhana, is a spiritual vow in Jainism where individuals voluntarily abstain from food and water, embracing death peacefully with the intention of attaining moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth).

The practice, meant to purify the soul, is usually undertaken under extreme conditions, including old age, terminal illness, or irreversible suffering.

The ritual is based on Jain scriptures like the Ratnakaranda Shravakachara, which outlines the conditions under which Santhara should be performed — requiring mental clarity, voluntary consent, and detachment.

Viyana Jain’s Case: What Happened?

Viyana Jain, the only daughter of Piyush and Varsha Jain, was diagnosed with a brain tumour in early 2025. After initial surgery, her condition worsened, and by March, she was nearing death. The Jain family, who are devout followers of Jainism, sought spiritual guidance from Rajesh Muni Maharaj, a Jain monk. Based on his assessment that the child’s life was ending, the monk recommended the Santhara ritual, which was carried out with the family’s consent.

Tragically, Viyana passed away shortly after receiving the vow.

Was Santhara Legal in this Case?

The legal status of Santhara has been a subject of debate in India. In 2015, the Rajasthan High Court ruled that Santhara violated Sections 306 (abetment to suicide) and 309 (attempt to suicide) of the Indian Penal Code, making it a criminal offense. However, nationwide protests by the Jain community led to the Supreme Court staying the ruling, recognizing Santhara as a legitimate religious practice, subject to further review.

The controversy surrounding Viyana’s case, however, raises serious questions about the legal consent of a minor. Critics argue that a 3-year-old child cannot consent to such a decision, especially one involving life and death.

Child Rights and Ethical Concerns

The Madhya Pradesh Child Rights Commission has launched an investigation into whether the act violated child protection laws, particularly the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. This case presents critical questions about the responsibility of parents, medical neglect, and the role of spiritual authorities in end-of-life decisions for minors.

The Controversy and Public Reactions

The tragic incident has sparked outrage, not just for the death of a young child but also for its implications on religious freedom and child protection. The Golden Book of World Records controversially recognized Viyana as the “youngest person to vow Santhara”, further intensifying the debate.

Critics have accused the recording authority of glorifying unethical practices and encouraging harmful religious customs.

Conclusion

This tragic incident highlights the tension between religious practices, child rights, and legal protections in India. As the case continues to unfold, it has become a focal point for debates on the ethics of religious rituals, legal interpretation of consent, and the rights of minors.

Share this articles